среда, 25 марта 2009 г.
Epilepsy (from the Greek επιληψία /epili΄psia/ ) is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.[1][2] These seizures are transient signs and/or symptoms of abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.[3] About 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, with almost 90% of these people being in developing countries.[4] Epilepsy is more likely to occur in young children or people over the age of 65 years, but it can occur at any time[5]. Epilepsy is usually controlled, but not cured, with medication, although surgery may be considered in difficult cases. However, over 30% of people with epilepsy do not have seizure control even with the best available medications [6][7]. Not all epilepsy syndromes are lifelong – some forms are confined to particular stages of childhood. Epilepsy should not be understood as a single disorder, but rather as a group of syndromes with vastly divergent symptoms but all involving episodic abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
The insular cortex, in particular its most anterior portion, is considered a limbic-related cortex. The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience. In particular, Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience, giving rise to conscious feelings. This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James, who first proposed that subjective emotional experience (i.e. feelings) arise from our brain's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events. This is an example of embodied cognition.
Functionally speaking, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. More specifically, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, vicero-autonomic, and limbic function, while the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness and sadness.
Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex.
A single study using magnetic resonance imaging has found that the right anterior insula was significantly thicker in people who meditate.[3]
Insular cortex has been found to contain mirror neuron systems related to emotions.[4]
Functionally speaking, the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience. More specifically, the anterior insula is related more to olfactory, gustatory, vicero-autonomic, and limbic function, while the posterior insula is related more to auditory-somesthetic-skeletomotor function. Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions, including anger, fear, disgust, happiness and sadness.
Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires, such as food craving and drug craving. What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities. The insula is well situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher-order cognitive and emotional processes. The insula receives information from "homeostatic afferent" sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic-related structures, such as the amygdala, the ventral striatum and the orbitofrontal cortex.
A single study using magnetic resonance imaging has found that the right anterior insula was significantly thicker in people who meditate.[3]
Insular cortex has been found to contain mirror neuron systems related to emotions.[4]
Hypoglycaemia or hypoglycemia is the medical term for a pathologic state produced by a lower than normal level of blood glucose. The term hypoglycemia literally means "under-sweet blood" (Gr. hypo-, glykys, haima).
Hypoglycemia can produce a variety of symptoms and effects but the principal problems arise from an inadequate supply of glucose as fuel to the brain, resulting in impairment of function (neuroglycopenia). Derangements of function can range from vaguely "feeling bad" to coma, seizures, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death. Hypoglycemia can arise from many causes and can occur at any age. It also sometimes occurs at random.
The most common forms of moderate and severe hypoglycemia occur as a complication of treatment of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin or less frequently with certain oral medications. Hypoglycemia is usually treated by the ingestion or administration of dextrose, or foods quickly digestible to glucose.
Endocrinologists (specialists in hormones, including those which regulate glucose metabolism) typically consider the following criteria (referred to as Whipple's triad) as proving that individual's symptoms can be attributed to hypoglycemia:
1. Symptoms known to be caused by hypoglycemia
2. Low glucose at the time the symptoms occur
3. Reversal or improvement of symptoms or problems when the glucose is restored to normal
However, not everyone has accepted these suggested diagnostic criteria, and even the level of glucose low enough to define hypoglycemia has been a source of controversy in several contexts. For many purposes, plasma glucose levels below 70 mg/dl or 3.9 mmol/L are considered hypoglycemic; these issues are detailed below.
Hypoglycemia can produce a variety of symptoms and effects but the principal problems arise from an inadequate supply of glucose as fuel to the brain, resulting in impairment of function (neuroglycopenia). Derangements of function can range from vaguely "feeling bad" to coma, seizures, and (rarely) permanent brain damage or death. Hypoglycemia can arise from many causes and can occur at any age. It also sometimes occurs at random.
The most common forms of moderate and severe hypoglycemia occur as a complication of treatment of diabetes mellitus treated with insulin or less frequently with certain oral medications. Hypoglycemia is usually treated by the ingestion or administration of dextrose, or foods quickly digestible to glucose.
Endocrinologists (specialists in hormones, including those which regulate glucose metabolism) typically consider the following criteria (referred to as Whipple's triad) as proving that individual's symptoms can be attributed to hypoglycemia:
1. Symptoms known to be caused by hypoglycemia
2. Low glucose at the time the symptoms occur
3. Reversal or improvement of symptoms or problems when the glucose is restored to normal
However, not everyone has accepted these suggested diagnostic criteria, and even the level of glucose low enough to define hypoglycemia has been a source of controversy in several contexts. For many purposes, plasma glucose levels below 70 mg/dl or 3.9 mmol/L are considered hypoglycemic; these issues are detailed below.
Canine hypoadrenocorticism
The condition is relatively rare, but has been diagnosed in all breeds of dogs. In general, it is underdiagnosed, and one has to have a clinical suspicion of it as an underlying disorder for many presenting complaints. Females are overrepresented, and the disease often appears in middle age (4-7 years), although any age or gender may be affected. Genetic continuity between dogs and humans helps to explain the occurrence of Addison's disease in both species.[9]
Hypoadrenocorticism is treated with prednisolone and/or fludrocortisone (Florinef (r)) or a monthly injection called Percorten V (desoxycorticosterone pivlate (DOCP)). Routine blood work is necessary periodically to assess therapy.
Most of the medications used in the therapy of hypoadrenocorticism cause excessive thirst and urination. It is absolutely vital to provide fresh drinking water for the canine sufferer.
If the owner knows about an upcoming stressful situation (shows, traveling etc.), patients generally need an increased dose of prednisone to help deal with the added stress. Avoidance of stress is important for dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
The condition is relatively rare, but has been diagnosed in all breeds of dogs. In general, it is underdiagnosed, and one has to have a clinical suspicion of it as an underlying disorder for many presenting complaints. Females are overrepresented, and the disease often appears in middle age (4-7 years), although any age or gender may be affected. Genetic continuity between dogs and humans helps to explain the occurrence of Addison's disease in both species.[9]
Hypoadrenocorticism is treated with prednisolone and/or fludrocortisone (Florinef (r)) or a monthly injection called Percorten V (desoxycorticosterone pivlate (DOCP)). Routine blood work is necessary periodically to assess therapy.
Most of the medications used in the therapy of hypoadrenocorticism cause excessive thirst and urination. It is absolutely vital to provide fresh drinking water for the canine sufferer.
If the owner knows about an upcoming stressful situation (shows, traveling etc.), patients generally need an increased dose of prednisone to help deal with the added stress. Avoidance of stress is important for dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Addison's disease (also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism or hypocorticism) is a rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland doesn't produce enough steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids). It may develop in children and adults, and may occur as the result of many underlying causes.
The condition is named after Dr Thomas Addison, the British physician who first described the condition in his 1855 publication On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules.[1] The adjective "Addisonian" is used for features of the condition, as well as patients with Addison's disease.[2]
The condition is generally diagnosed with blood tests, medical imaging and additional investigations.[2] Treatment involves replacement of the hormones (oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone). If the disease is caused by an underlying problem, it may be possible to address that. Regular follow-up and monitoring for other health problems is necessary
The condition is named after Dr Thomas Addison, the British physician who first described the condition in his 1855 publication On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Suprarenal Capsules.[1] The adjective "Addisonian" is used for features of the condition, as well as patients with Addison's disease.[2]
The condition is generally diagnosed with blood tests, medical imaging and additional investigations.[2] Treatment involves replacement of the hormones (oral hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone). If the disease is caused by an underlying problem, it may be possible to address that. Regular follow-up and monitoring for other health problems is necessary
пятница, 13 марта 2009 г.
Once again Vinay Pathak hits the silver screen not to be surprised by his brilliant performance. This is his second inning after Beja Fry. The actor has delivered his bestest acting skill. After a long time Indian movie makers have made some sensible comedy movie, “Dasvidaniya”, which carries both comedy as well as emotional touch.
The movie has Shashant Shah as the director and Azam khan and vinay pathak as the producers. Arshad Ali as a writer, music by Kailash Kher and casts are Vinay Pathak, Neha Dupia, Ranvir Shorey, Rajat Kapoor, Suchitra Pillai, Saurabh Shukla, Sarita Joshi, Gaurab Gera, Suresh Menon, Kunal Kumar, Purbi Joshi, Kiku Sharda, Joy Fernandes, and Sachin Kumar.
The main character played by Vinay Pathak as Amar Kaul who is an ordinary man, one among the millions lives in the “city of dreams”, Mumbai. The story revolves around the life history of Amar kaul. His simple and insignificant life soon drives him to make a list called “things to do” every morning. One fine day he gets to know that he is suffering from stomach cancer and doctor declares him as soon to die. This made him very disappointed and he decides to do things that he always wanted to do. So he prepares a list, “Things To Do”, before he dies.
He learns the trick to be happy always and begins his lists from his office. After humiliating his boss he goes to his childhood love Neha Dupia and expresses his untold love for her. He did whatever had written in his “things to do list” although they were not easy to accomplish however, he did manage to complete before he died.
The movie has satisfied millions heart. The plot of the story is amazing and not to mention about ineradicably brilliant acting skill of Vinay Pathak. Watch it, you will not go back with empty stomach.
The movie has Shashant Shah as the director and Azam khan and vinay pathak as the producers. Arshad Ali as a writer, music by Kailash Kher and casts are Vinay Pathak, Neha Dupia, Ranvir Shorey, Rajat Kapoor, Suchitra Pillai, Saurabh Shukla, Sarita Joshi, Gaurab Gera, Suresh Menon, Kunal Kumar, Purbi Joshi, Kiku Sharda, Joy Fernandes, and Sachin Kumar.
The main character played by Vinay Pathak as Amar Kaul who is an ordinary man, one among the millions lives in the “city of dreams”, Mumbai. The story revolves around the life history of Amar kaul. His simple and insignificant life soon drives him to make a list called “things to do” every morning. One fine day he gets to know that he is suffering from stomach cancer and doctor declares him as soon to die. This made him very disappointed and he decides to do things that he always wanted to do. So he prepares a list, “Things To Do”, before he dies.
He learns the trick to be happy always and begins his lists from his office. After humiliating his boss he goes to his childhood love Neha Dupia and expresses his untold love for her. He did whatever had written in his “things to do list” although they were not easy to accomplish however, he did manage to complete before he died.
The movie has satisfied millions heart. The plot of the story is amazing and not to mention about ineradicably brilliant acting skill of Vinay Pathak. Watch it, you will not go back with empty stomach.
What is Baby Eczema?
The origin of the word “eczema” is Greek and means, “to boil.” In this condition, skin inflammation occurs. This occurs due to toxicity of the body, which is a consequence of poor diet habits.
This is a skin disease that occurs commonly in children. If eczema develops within 2 to 3 months after the baby is born, you might suspect a family history of eczema/ asthma. Infantile eczema in many children vanishes before they reach the age of 3 years.
What causes Baby Eczema?
The main cause for eczema in children is allergy. It occurs more in babies that are bottle-fed and less in breast-fed babies. There is a suggestion that this infection is due to cow’s milk. As per Ayurveda, the reason for eczema is toxicity in the body which is not eliminated fully.
What are the Symptoms of Baby Eczema?
Itching is the main symptom for eczema. If it is severe, the skin will be red and there will be swelling. Small blisters will form and, if they rupture, a colorless discharge will ooze and crusts are formed when this accumulates. At each stage there will be itching. There will be infection with bacteria and any scratching will spread the infection. The creases in the elbow, knee and ears are mostly affected. It might also affect chest and cheeks. If the eczema is chronic, the skin thickens and markings on the skin’s surface will be prominent.
Natural Home Remedies for Baby Eczema
Applying medicines on the baby’s skin for curing eczema might result in relief only temporarily; hence it is essential that the blood stream is cleansed.
Some of the remedies are listed below:
• If the eczema is fresh, apply fresh ghee made from the butter of cow’s milk to relieve the itch.
• Take a watermelon with deep green-colored skin and red pulp. Dry this melon peel, burn the peel and powder it. Add coconut oil to this powder and apply this paste on the eczema patch.
• Wash the lesions two times a day using diluted decoction of neem.
• Make a paste of crushed leaf of neem and turmeric powder by mixing with sesame oil and apply once daily.
• Boil the bark of a mango tree and acacia tree (one spoonful each) in ½ liter of water; filter and wash the patches with this filtered water. Apply ghee after drying.
• Mix one tablespoon molasses with ½ glass of milk and give it to grown-up children to drink twice a day to cure eczema.
• Apply coconut oil directly so that the skin remains soft.
• Sunbathing in the early morning could aid in killing the bacteria.
It is advisable that the baby gets sufficient fresh air; also baby should drink more water.
The origin of the word “eczema” is Greek and means, “to boil.” In this condition, skin inflammation occurs. This occurs due to toxicity of the body, which is a consequence of poor diet habits.
This is a skin disease that occurs commonly in children. If eczema develops within 2 to 3 months after the baby is born, you might suspect a family history of eczema/ asthma. Infantile eczema in many children vanishes before they reach the age of 3 years.
What causes Baby Eczema?
The main cause for eczema in children is allergy. It occurs more in babies that are bottle-fed and less in breast-fed babies. There is a suggestion that this infection is due to cow’s milk. As per Ayurveda, the reason for eczema is toxicity in the body which is not eliminated fully.
What are the Symptoms of Baby Eczema?
Itching is the main symptom for eczema. If it is severe, the skin will be red and there will be swelling. Small blisters will form and, if they rupture, a colorless discharge will ooze and crusts are formed when this accumulates. At each stage there will be itching. There will be infection with bacteria and any scratching will spread the infection. The creases in the elbow, knee and ears are mostly affected. It might also affect chest and cheeks. If the eczema is chronic, the skin thickens and markings on the skin’s surface will be prominent.
Natural Home Remedies for Baby Eczema
Applying medicines on the baby’s skin for curing eczema might result in relief only temporarily; hence it is essential that the blood stream is cleansed.
Some of the remedies are listed below:
• If the eczema is fresh, apply fresh ghee made from the butter of cow’s milk to relieve the itch.
• Take a watermelon with deep green-colored skin and red pulp. Dry this melon peel, burn the peel and powder it. Add coconut oil to this powder and apply this paste on the eczema patch.
• Wash the lesions two times a day using diluted decoction of neem.
• Make a paste of crushed leaf of neem and turmeric powder by mixing with sesame oil and apply once daily.
• Boil the bark of a mango tree and acacia tree (one spoonful each) in ½ liter of water; filter and wash the patches with this filtered water. Apply ghee after drying.
• Mix one tablespoon molasses with ½ glass of milk and give it to grown-up children to drink twice a day to cure eczema.
• Apply coconut oil directly so that the skin remains soft.
• Sunbathing in the early morning could aid in killing the bacteria.
It is advisable that the baby gets sufficient fresh air; also baby should drink more water.
There is nothing worse than having an itchy scalp. When your scalp itches it takes over your entire life. You can’t concentrate on anything; all you can think about is how badly your scalp itches.
The good news is that you don’t have to let your itchy scalp take over your life. There are several things that you can do to cure your itchy scalp.
It could be your Hair care Products
Take a second to think about the kind of hair products you are using. Have you changed something? Are you using a different hairspray? Do you have a new shampoo? It’s possible that your itchy scalp is nothing more than an allergic reaction. If you have changed one of your hair care products, stop using it and see if your itchy scalp goes away.
Some of the things we do to make our hair look better triggers an itchy scalp. Products such as hair dye and chemical perms can trigger an allergic reaction and result in an itchy scalp. Test the chemical based product on a small section of your hair before you cover your entire scalp with the stuff.
How often do you Wash?
When was the last time you washed your hair. When your scalp gets really dirty, the buildup of grime can block the pores in your scalp, making it uncomfortable and itchy. If your scalp stays dirty long enough you can get scalp zits or a nasty rash.
On the other hand washing your hair too often can also make scalp itch. Frequent washing strips your hair and scalp of its protective oils. The best policy is to wash your hair at least two times a week but not more than four.
Sunburn
What were you doing in the hours leading up to the time when you first started to notice your scratchy scalp? Were you outside? If you were, you should stand in front of mirror. Part a few strands of hair and really look at the skin, is it bright pink? If it is you can safely assume that you managed to sunburn your scalp. Coat your entire head in aloe vera. Tuck your hair into a cap and give the aloe vera enough time to cool you scalp.
The good news is that you don’t have to let your itchy scalp take over your life. There are several things that you can do to cure your itchy scalp.
It could be your Hair care Products
Take a second to think about the kind of hair products you are using. Have you changed something? Are you using a different hairspray? Do you have a new shampoo? It’s possible that your itchy scalp is nothing more than an allergic reaction. If you have changed one of your hair care products, stop using it and see if your itchy scalp goes away.
Some of the things we do to make our hair look better triggers an itchy scalp. Products such as hair dye and chemical perms can trigger an allergic reaction and result in an itchy scalp. Test the chemical based product on a small section of your hair before you cover your entire scalp with the stuff.
How often do you Wash?
When was the last time you washed your hair. When your scalp gets really dirty, the buildup of grime can block the pores in your scalp, making it uncomfortable and itchy. If your scalp stays dirty long enough you can get scalp zits or a nasty rash.
On the other hand washing your hair too often can also make scalp itch. Frequent washing strips your hair and scalp of its protective oils. The best policy is to wash your hair at least two times a week but not more than four.
Sunburn
What were you doing in the hours leading up to the time when you first started to notice your scratchy scalp? Were you outside? If you were, you should stand in front of mirror. Part a few strands of hair and really look at the skin, is it bright pink? If it is you can safely assume that you managed to sunburn your scalp. Coat your entire head in aloe vera. Tuck your hair into a cap and give the aloe vera enough time to cool you scalp.
Definition of Deodorant
The definition of deodorant is a substance that neutralizes unwanted odors.
You can actually make your own deodorants from the comfort of your home. Using deodorants should be part of our daily lifestyle. The sole purpose for deodorants and perfumes is to eliminate body odors. There are homemade, natural deodorants you can make and use. Most natural deodorants contain ingredients that are plant-based.
Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
Geranium is an antiseptic made of floral and it is used in skin-care products. Cypress decreases the amount of sweat or perspiration in humans, and the wood smell intoxicates the deodorant smell.
What is Geranium?
The definition of Geranium is a variety of plants from South Africa that contain a variety of pink or purple flowers.
What is Cypress?
The definition of Cypress is a variety of evergreen trees or shrubs that are from North America. Cypress is described as having leaves that are scale-like and contain cones that are made of wood.
The Ingredients used in the Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
The ingredients consist of ten drops of Geranium, ten drops of cypress, eight drops of bergamot, five drops of neroli, four drops of lavender, three drops of black pepper, one teaspoon of vodka (high in volume), four tablespoons of witch hazel, two tablespoon of cornflower water, and two tablespoon of orange flower water.
Steps to Preparing the Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
The first step is to measure the vodka into a bottle made of glass or a spray bottle. The second step is to add the essentials one at a time with caution, and shake until it dissolves. The third step is to use a funnel to pour the witch hazel and the flower waters into the bottle. Make sure to shake well. The fourth step is that, before using, you should label both bottle and deodorant. The last step is to remember to shake well, being certain that all the oils are mixed in together each time.
Citrus and Herbal Deodorant
Citrus and herbal is an antibacterial deodorant that includes thyme, bergamot, and clary sage. The Citrus and herbal is mixed with witch hazel and flower waters. It has a pleasant aroma that is appropriate for both men and women to use.
Ingredients that are used in the Citrus and Herbal Deodorant:
The ingredients consist of two drops of mandarin, three drops of lavender, five drops of rosewood, five drops of lemon, seven drops of thyme, eight drops of clary sage, ten drops of bergamot, one teaspoon of vodka (high in volume), four tablespoons of witch hazel, two tablespoons of linden flower water, and two tablespoon of orange flower water.
Steps to Preparing Citrus and Herbal Deodorant:
Follow the same steps for preparing the Geranium and Cypress deodorant.
The definition of deodorant is a substance that neutralizes unwanted odors.
You can actually make your own deodorants from the comfort of your home. Using deodorants should be part of our daily lifestyle. The sole purpose for deodorants and perfumes is to eliminate body odors. There are homemade, natural deodorants you can make and use. Most natural deodorants contain ingredients that are plant-based.
Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
Geranium is an antiseptic made of floral and it is used in skin-care products. Cypress decreases the amount of sweat or perspiration in humans, and the wood smell intoxicates the deodorant smell.
What is Geranium?
The definition of Geranium is a variety of plants from South Africa that contain a variety of pink or purple flowers.
What is Cypress?
The definition of Cypress is a variety of evergreen trees or shrubs that are from North America. Cypress is described as having leaves that are scale-like and contain cones that are made of wood.
The Ingredients used in the Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
The ingredients consist of ten drops of Geranium, ten drops of cypress, eight drops of bergamot, five drops of neroli, four drops of lavender, three drops of black pepper, one teaspoon of vodka (high in volume), four tablespoons of witch hazel, two tablespoon of cornflower water, and two tablespoon of orange flower water.
Steps to Preparing the Geranium and Cypress Deodorant:
The first step is to measure the vodka into a bottle made of glass or a spray bottle. The second step is to add the essentials one at a time with caution, and shake until it dissolves. The third step is to use a funnel to pour the witch hazel and the flower waters into the bottle. Make sure to shake well. The fourth step is that, before using, you should label both bottle and deodorant. The last step is to remember to shake well, being certain that all the oils are mixed in together each time.
Citrus and Herbal Deodorant
Citrus and herbal is an antibacterial deodorant that includes thyme, bergamot, and clary sage. The Citrus and herbal is mixed with witch hazel and flower waters. It has a pleasant aroma that is appropriate for both men and women to use.
Ingredients that are used in the Citrus and Herbal Deodorant:
The ingredients consist of two drops of mandarin, three drops of lavender, five drops of rosewood, five drops of lemon, seven drops of thyme, eight drops of clary sage, ten drops of bergamot, one teaspoon of vodka (high in volume), four tablespoons of witch hazel, two tablespoons of linden flower water, and two tablespoon of orange flower water.
Steps to Preparing Citrus and Herbal Deodorant:
Follow the same steps for preparing the Geranium and Cypress deodorant.
content provided by Healthwise
This topic provides information about type 1 diabetes for adults and for parents of children who have been diagnosed with the disease in the past 6 weeks. If this topic doesn't answer your questions, one of the following topics may meet your needs.
Type 1 Diabetes, if you want to learn about type 1 diabetes but do not have the disease.
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With the Disease, if you or your adolescent has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the topic, Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it first.
Type 1 Diabetes: Children Living With the Disease, if your child age 11 or younger has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the topic Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it first.
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With Complications, if you have complications caused by your diabetes, such as eye, kidney, heart, nerve, or blood vessel disease.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease that develops when the pancreas can no longer produce insulin. Insulin lets sugar (glucose) enter your body's cells, where it is used for energy. Without insulin, sugar builds up in your blood. The level rises above what is safe for your body. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves throughout your body and increase your risk of eye, heart, blood vessel, nerve, and kidney disease.
Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age. But it usually develops in children and young adults. In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Insulin is made by certain cells (beta cells) in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes develops because the body destroys the beta cells and therefore the pancreas's ability to produce insulin.
Some people inherit the risk for type 1 diabetes. But even these people may not develop type 1 diabetes unless other factors, such as exposure to certain viral infections, are present.1
What are the symptoms of high blood sugar and low blood sugar?
The main symptoms of high blood sugar from diabetes are:
Increased thirst.
Increased urination.
Weight loss.
Fatigue.
Increased appetite.
These symptoms usually develop over a few days to weeks. Some people have these symptoms before they are diagnosed, but they do not realize the symptoms are caused by diabetes. They may believe the symptoms are caused by the flu or some other illness.
When insulin levels drop very low, blood sugar can rise very high and a life-threatening situation called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can develop. DKA is an emergency. Symptoms include:
Flushed, hot, dry skin.
A strong, fruity breath odor (similar to nail polish remover or acetone).
Restlessness, drowsiness, or difficulty waking up. Young children may lack interest in their normal activities.
Rapid, deep breathing.
Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Confusion.
Severe diabetic ketoacidosis can cause difficulty breathing, brain swelling (cerebral edema), coma, or death. But by taking your insulin regularly and keeping your blood sugar levels in your target range, you can avoid DKA.
The main symptoms of low blood sugar from diabetes are:
Sweating (almost always present).
Nervousness, shakiness, and weakness.
Dizziness and headache.
Confusion and irritability.
Slurred speech.
Personality changes, such as anger or crying.
Low blood sugar occurs when the sugar (glucose) level in your blood drops below what your body needs to function normally. Not eating enough food or skipping meals, taking too much medicine (insulin), exercising more than usual, or taking certain medicines that lower blood sugar can cause your blood sugar to drop rapidly.
If your blood sugar level drops very low (usually below 20 mg/dL), you may lose consciousness or have a seizure. Eating or drinking something that contains sugar usually can bring your blood sugar back up to a safe level. But if you have symptoms of severe low blood sugar, you need medical care immediately.
What tests do I need for diabetes?
You need to test your blood sugar 3 or more times a day to make sure it falls within the target range you and your doctor set. You use a home glucose monitor to do these tests.
At first, you will keep in close touch with your doctor while finding the right dose of insulin that best keeps your blood sugar levels within your target range. When your blood sugar levels are staying within this range, you will continue to see your doctor about every 3 to 6 months. During these checkups, your doctor will look at your treatment to see how well it is controlling your diabetes. If your treatment isn't working very well, your doctor may have you try different things. You will also start having a hemoglobin A1c test to find out what your average blood sugar level was during the 2 to 3 months before your visit. This test checks your long-term blood sugar control.
You also need to have regular tests to check your blood pressure and cholesterol levels because high levels increase your risk of diabetes complications.
How is it treated?
You will take insulin injections daily or use an insulin pump. Treatment for type 1 diabetes focuses on keeping your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. This is called tight control. It is the best way to reduce your risk of diabetes complications. But some people—such as those whose blood sugar drops too low with tight control—may need to set a different target range with their doctor.
A normal to near-normal blood sugar level is 70 mg/dL to 130 mg/dL before eating or less than 180 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after eating. It also may be measured as a hemoglobin A1c of 6% or less (normal) to 7% (near normal). This is a test of your blood sugar control for the past 2 to 3 months.
You also need to eat a healthful diet that spreads carbohydrate throughout the day, check your blood sugar 3 or more times a day, and get regular exercise. Because you have diabetes, you are at higher-than-average risk of a heart attack and stroke. You may take medicine to keep your blood pressure and cholesterol in the normal ranges. If you are 40 or older, you also may take aspirin to lower your risk for having a heart attack.
Your treatment plan may change based on your blood sugar levels and other test results reviewed in your doctor's office.
If your child has type 1 diabetes, treatment involves the same actions but also allows for normal growth and development.
You may find that soon after you are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels return to normal. You are in what is called the "honeymoon period." The remaining insulin-producing cells in your pancreas are working harder to supply enough insulin for your body. You may take little or no insulin. But this does not mean that the disease is gone. After the remaining insulin-producing cells are destroyed, the honeymoon period ends, and you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life.
How will diabetes affect my life?
You can live a long, healthy life if you keep your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. This requires the right combination of food, physical activity, and insulin every day. If your young child has diabetes, you assume the responsibility for balancing these factors. As your child grows, he or she will take over more responsibility for his or her care.
Many people are afraid of giving themselves shots every day. With practice, it will become routine. Figuring out how to mix diet, insulin, and exercise in your daily life takes time. Don't get discouraged. Seek out help from your doctors if some part of diabetes care gives you trouble.
As you adjust to having diabetes, you will learn how to monitor your blood sugar level at home, give yourself insulin injections, recognize high and low blood sugar symptoms, count carbohydrate in your diet, and take precautions when you are sick. Diabetes care will become an important part of your life, but it doesn't have to take over your life.
This topic provides information about type 1 diabetes for adults and for parents of children who have been diagnosed with the disease in the past 6 weeks. If this topic doesn't answer your questions, one of the following topics may meet your needs.
Type 1 Diabetes, if you want to learn about type 1 diabetes but do not have the disease.
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With the Disease, if you or your adolescent has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the topic, Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it first.
Type 1 Diabetes: Children Living With the Disease, if your child age 11 or younger has type 1 diabetes. If you have not read the topic Type 1 Diabetes: Recently Diagnosed, you may want to read it first.
Type 1 Diabetes: Living With Complications, if you have complications caused by your diabetes, such as eye, kidney, heart, nerve, or blood vessel disease.
What is type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a lifelong disease that develops when the pancreas can no longer produce insulin. Insulin lets sugar (glucose) enter your body's cells, where it is used for energy. Without insulin, sugar builds up in your blood. The level rises above what is safe for your body. Over time, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves throughout your body and increase your risk of eye, heart, blood vessel, nerve, and kidney disease.
Type 1 diabetes can develop at any age. But it usually develops in children and young adults. In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Insulin is made by certain cells (beta cells) in the pancreas. Type 1 diabetes develops because the body destroys the beta cells and therefore the pancreas's ability to produce insulin.
Some people inherit the risk for type 1 diabetes. But even these people may not develop type 1 diabetes unless other factors, such as exposure to certain viral infections, are present.1
What are the symptoms of high blood sugar and low blood sugar?
The main symptoms of high blood sugar from diabetes are:
Increased thirst.
Increased urination.
Weight loss.
Fatigue.
Increased appetite.
These symptoms usually develop over a few days to weeks. Some people have these symptoms before they are diagnosed, but they do not realize the symptoms are caused by diabetes. They may believe the symptoms are caused by the flu or some other illness.
When insulin levels drop very low, blood sugar can rise very high and a life-threatening situation called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) can develop. DKA is an emergency. Symptoms include:
Flushed, hot, dry skin.
A strong, fruity breath odor (similar to nail polish remover or acetone).
Restlessness, drowsiness, or difficulty waking up. Young children may lack interest in their normal activities.
Rapid, deep breathing.
Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Confusion.
Severe diabetic ketoacidosis can cause difficulty breathing, brain swelling (cerebral edema), coma, or death. But by taking your insulin regularly and keeping your blood sugar levels in your target range, you can avoid DKA.
The main symptoms of low blood sugar from diabetes are:
Sweating (almost always present).
Nervousness, shakiness, and weakness.
Dizziness and headache.
Confusion and irritability.
Slurred speech.
Personality changes, such as anger or crying.
Low blood sugar occurs when the sugar (glucose) level in your blood drops below what your body needs to function normally. Not eating enough food or skipping meals, taking too much medicine (insulin), exercising more than usual, or taking certain medicines that lower blood sugar can cause your blood sugar to drop rapidly.
If your blood sugar level drops very low (usually below 20 mg/dL), you may lose consciousness or have a seizure. Eating or drinking something that contains sugar usually can bring your blood sugar back up to a safe level. But if you have symptoms of severe low blood sugar, you need medical care immediately.
What tests do I need for diabetes?
You need to test your blood sugar 3 or more times a day to make sure it falls within the target range you and your doctor set. You use a home glucose monitor to do these tests.
At first, you will keep in close touch with your doctor while finding the right dose of insulin that best keeps your blood sugar levels within your target range. When your blood sugar levels are staying within this range, you will continue to see your doctor about every 3 to 6 months. During these checkups, your doctor will look at your treatment to see how well it is controlling your diabetes. If your treatment isn't working very well, your doctor may have you try different things. You will also start having a hemoglobin A1c test to find out what your average blood sugar level was during the 2 to 3 months before your visit. This test checks your long-term blood sugar control.
You also need to have regular tests to check your blood pressure and cholesterol levels because high levels increase your risk of diabetes complications.
How is it treated?
You will take insulin injections daily or use an insulin pump. Treatment for type 1 diabetes focuses on keeping your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. This is called tight control. It is the best way to reduce your risk of diabetes complications. But some people—such as those whose blood sugar drops too low with tight control—may need to set a different target range with their doctor.
A normal to near-normal blood sugar level is 70 mg/dL to 130 mg/dL before eating or less than 180 mg/dL 1 to 2 hours after eating. It also may be measured as a hemoglobin A1c of 6% or less (normal) to 7% (near normal). This is a test of your blood sugar control for the past 2 to 3 months.
You also need to eat a healthful diet that spreads carbohydrate throughout the day, check your blood sugar 3 or more times a day, and get regular exercise. Because you have diabetes, you are at higher-than-average risk of a heart attack and stroke. You may take medicine to keep your blood pressure and cholesterol in the normal ranges. If you are 40 or older, you also may take aspirin to lower your risk for having a heart attack.
Your treatment plan may change based on your blood sugar levels and other test results reviewed in your doctor's office.
If your child has type 1 diabetes, treatment involves the same actions but also allows for normal growth and development.
You may find that soon after you are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, your blood sugar levels return to normal. You are in what is called the "honeymoon period." The remaining insulin-producing cells in your pancreas are working harder to supply enough insulin for your body. You may take little or no insulin. But this does not mean that the disease is gone. After the remaining insulin-producing cells are destroyed, the honeymoon period ends, and you will need to take insulin for the rest of your life.
How will diabetes affect my life?
You can live a long, healthy life if you keep your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. This requires the right combination of food, physical activity, and insulin every day. If your young child has diabetes, you assume the responsibility for balancing these factors. As your child grows, he or she will take over more responsibility for his or her care.
Many people are afraid of giving themselves shots every day. With practice, it will become routine. Figuring out how to mix diet, insulin, and exercise in your daily life takes time. Don't get discouraged. Seek out help from your doctors if some part of diabetes care gives you trouble.
As you adjust to having diabetes, you will learn how to monitor your blood sugar level at home, give yourself insulin injections, recognize high and low blood sugar symptoms, count carbohydrate in your diet, and take precautions when you are sick. Diabetes care will become an important part of your life, but it doesn't have to take over your life.
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